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Last updated on July 14, 2023
Level 3 charging, often referred to as fast charging or DC charging, is the most potent form of electric vehicle (EV) charging. It allows vehicles to charge significantly faster compared to other charging levels like AC charging. Typically, Level 3 charging can charge a medium-sized electric car in roughly 17 to 52 minutes, depending on various factors such as the vehicle's battery size and the power output of the charging station.
However, there are several variables that can influence the actual charging speed. In this article, we aim to explore how Level 3 charging operates and delve into the key factors that can affect its efficiency.
**Table of Contents**
- Overview of Level 3 Charging Times
- How EV Charging Works
- Factors Affecting Level 3 Charging Speed
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### Fast-Charging Knowledge: There’s Levels to It
If you've looked into EVs, you might have encountered terms like Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 charging. Level 3 charging, or DC fast charging, is the quickest method to charge an EV, often adding hundreds of miles of range in mere minutes.
Unlike Level 1 and 2 chargers, which rely on alternating current (AC), Level 3 chargers deliver direct current (DC). This makes them ideal for situations where quick refueling is necessary, such as at highway rest stops or gas stations. Due to the high voltage requirements and cost associated with Level 3 chargers, they are rarely found in residential settings—they're best suited for commercial locations with ample power supplies.
So, how fast is Level 3 charging? And what factors can affect its performance? Let’s break it down.
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### How Long Does It Take to Charge an Electric Car with Level 3 Charging?
Predicting the exact charging time for an EV depends on several variables, including the vehicle’s battery size and the charging station's power output. On average, a medium-sized electric car can charge from 20% to 80% in approximately 17 to 52 minutes using a Level 3 charger.
Here’s a rough estimate of charging times based on different power outputs:
| **Power Output (kW)** | **Small EV (40 kWh)** | **Medium EV (65 kWh)** | **Large EV (90 kWh)** |
|------------------------|-----------------------|-------------------------|------------------------|
| **50 kW** | ~32 minutes | ~52 minutes | ~72 minutes |
| **100 kW** | ~16 minutes | ~26 minutes | ~36 minutes |
| **150 kW** | Not applicable | ~17 minutes | ~24 minutes |
| **240 kW** | Not applicable | ~11 minutes | ~15 minutes |
| **300 kW** | Not applicable | ~8 minutes | ~11 minutes |
*Note: These figures represent approximate times to reach 80% SoC and may vary depending on the vehicle’s charging capacity.*
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### How Does EV Charging Work?
Understanding how EV charging works helps clarify why Level 3 chargers are so much faster than their AC counterparts. The primary difference lies in the type of current they utilize.
- **Level 1 & 2 Chargers**: Deliver AC power, which the vehicle converts to DC using an onboard charger.
- **Level 3 Chargers**: Provide DC power directly, eliminating the need for onboard conversion. This allows Level 3 chargers to deliver higher power outputs—up to 350 kW in some cases.
The built-in converters in Level 3 chargers allow them to deliver massive amounts of power efficiently, enabling EVs to charge in mere minutes.
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### What Affects Level 3 Charging Speed?
Several factors influence how quickly an EV charges at Level 3 stations:
#### 1. Power Output of the Charger
The charger's maximum power output determines how much electricity it can deliver. Modern Level 3 chargers typically offer outputs ranging from 50 kW to over 350 kW. Higher outputs mean faster charging, but the vehicle must also support the same level of power.
#### 2. Vehicle Type and Battery Capacity
Even if a charger offers 350 kW, the EV's charging capacity limits how much power it can absorb. Smaller EVs may support up to 50 kW, while larger vehicles like trucks or buses can handle up to 300 kW. For instance, the Tesla Model 3 can charge at up to 250 kW, whereas a Fiat 500e tops out at 85 kW.
#### 3. State of Charge (SoC)
Charging slows dramatically as the battery approaches full capacity. Most EVs are designed to charge most efficiently between 20% and 80% SoC. Beyond that, charging times increase significantly due to reduced current flow to prevent overheating.
#### 4. Environmental Conditions
Extreme temperatures can impact charging speed. Batteries perform best between 20–25°C (68–77°F). On hotter or colder days, the vehicle's battery management system (BMS) may reduce charging rates to maintain optimal conditions.
#### 5. Simultaneous Charging
Many Level 3 chargers feature multiple ports. If only one vehicle is connected, it can draw the full power output of the station. However, if multiple vehicles are plugged in, the total power is divided equally among them. For example, two Teslas sharing a 350-kW charger would each receive 175 kW instead of the full 250 kW.
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### Conclusion
Level 3 charging is a game-changer for EV drivers seeking rapid refueling solutions. While its speed depends on various factors, understanding these elements can help maximize efficiency. Whether you're planning a long trip or simply looking to top off your battery, knowing how Level 3 charging works ensures you're always prepared.