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In many regions of China, post-harvest grain moisture levels often exceed the safe threshold of 14%, making long-term storage challenging. Traditional methods like natural air drying are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and not always effective. As a result, many grain storage facilities have turned to artificial drying techniques to ensure food safety and quality.
Grain dryers can be classified into several types, including convective, conductive, radiative, and high-frequency electric field dryers. In the 1980s and early 1990s, conductive dryers were widely used by grain companies. These systems typically include steam boilers, silos, preheating towers, drying towers, cooling towers, and conveyor systems. Their main advantages include high capacity, the ability to reduce moisture by 10–15% in one cycle, and a high level of automation. However, they also come with drawbacks such as high operating costs, significant fuel consumption, and complex maintenance requirements.
The drying process involves heating the grain indirectly through metal pipes. The grain flows outside the pipes, absorbing heat and raising its temperature. This causes internal moisture to migrate to the surface, where it evaporates and is carried away by the drying medium, thus reducing the overall moisture content.
To improve the efficiency of grain drying, several strategies can be applied. One key approach is optimizing the drying medium. A good drying medium should effectively absorb and carry away moisture from the grain. The effectiveness of the medium depends on its absolute humidity. For example, at 20°C, the maximum moisture content air can hold is about 17.2 g/m³, while at 34°C, it increases to 37.3 g/m³. The higher the saturation humidity, the better the drying performance.
In traditional steam dryers, flue gas is often released into the atmosphere after passing through the preheater, leading to both environmental pollution and wasted heat energy. To address this, flue gas can be directly used as a drying medium after being heated. This method enhances heat utilization without requiring additional energy input. However, it’s important to control the temperature of the flue gas during operation. If too hot, it may damage the grain. Typically, the drying medium should be maintained between 80°C and 130°C for optimal results.
Another effective technique is the drying-ventilation method. Instead of drying grain to 14–15% moisture immediately, this method first heats the grain to reduce moisture to 18%, then allows it to cool gradually over 5–7 hours in the warehouse. During this period, the grain's temperature balances with the surrounding air. Afterward, slow ventilation (25–50 m³/h) is applied for about 8 hours, allowing the grain to reach equilibrium with ambient conditions. This process removes approximately 4% more moisture compared to traditional methods.
The benefits of this method include increased drying capacity, reduced energy use due to the grain’s own heat being utilized, improved grain quality by minimizing cracking and breaking, and a 13% reduction in overall drying costs. By implementing these advanced techniques, grain storage facilities can achieve safer, more efficient, and cost-effective drying processes.
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