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A radiator thermostat, also known as a temperature control valve or thermostatic valve, is installed on the inlet pipe of each radiator. It allows users to adjust and set the desired room temperature based on their comfort needs. Operating as a proportional controller, the thermostat adjusts the valve opening in proportion to the difference between the actual room temperature and the setpoint. This ensures that the valve remains in a position that matches the required heating load, keeping both the water flow and room temperature stable.
The range of room temperatures over which the thermostat valve transitions from fully open to fully closed is referred to as the proportional band. Typically, this band ranges from 0.5°C to 2.0°C. By adjusting the thermostat, users can independently control the room temperature. Moreover, when there is excess heat in the room, the thermostat regulates the water flow to maintain a consistent temperature, enhancing comfort while also saving energy.
In combination with a heat distribution meter or a household heat meter, the radiator thermostat enables accurate tracking of individual heat consumption, which is essential for billing purposes. However, in a two-pipe heating system, the presence of thermostatic valves introduces variable flow rates. If the pump operates at a constant speed, some loops may experience increased pressure when certain valves are closed, leading to reduced control performance. On the other hand, the overall system water demand decreases, allowing for the use of variable-speed pumps to reduce energy consumption.
The thermostat valve functions by using a temperature-sensitive element, often called a thermal bulb, which is either built-in or remotely located. The sensor detects the ambient air temperature, and the user can set the desired temperature via a display. As the room temperature changes, the thermal medium inside the bulb expands or contracts, causing the valve stem to move and adjust the water flow into the radiator. When the room warms up, the medium expands, reducing the valve opening and limiting heat output. Conversely, when the temperature drops, the medium contracts, allowing the valve to open more and increase the water flow to restore the set temperature.
The installation location of the radiator thermostat is critical. It should be placed on the inlet pipe of each radiator or on the inlet of a sub-household heating system. It is not recommended to install the thermostat vertically if it has an internal sensor, as the heat from the valve body and surrounding pipes could interfere with its operation. The sensor must be exposed to the circulating air in the room and should not be covered by curtains, heating hoods, or any other obstructions. Proper placement ensures accurate temperature sensing and reliable performance.