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An electronic component is essentially a physical part within an electronic system that manages the operation of electronics in its respective field. From simple vacuum tubes to intricate robot circuits, electronic components play a crucial role. In 1883, Thomas Edison discovered the Edison Effect, the principle behind how vacuum tubes function. In 1904, John Ambrose Fleming invented the Fleming Valve, which served as a radio wave detector. In 1906, Lee De Forest developed the Audion, a foundational component for amplifying signals. During the early 20th century, vacuum tubes became the cornerstone of industries such as television, computers, and radio. Similarly, transistors and integrated circuits followed suit. From basic circuit boards to integrated circuits and surface mount technology, electronic systems have undergone remarkable transformations.
One of the most significant advancements in electronic systems are Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things. AI and machine learning play pivotal roles in developing intelligent devices and applications that enhance learning, practice, and adaptation to complex tasks. AI is a bundle of technologies enabling computers to perform advanced functions like speaking, understanding, translating languages, analyzing data, and offering recommendations.
The Internet of Things is a network of interconnected devices exchanging data with each other and forming a cloud. It comprises sensors, software, and digital and mechanical machines, functioning across all fields, from household items to industrial applications. Data transfer in IoT happens without direct human intervention.
Electronic systems have evolved into communication systems, computer systems, medical devices, transportation systems, and consumer electronics. Subfields within electronics engineering include embedded systems, power electronics, digital electronics, analog electronics, radio frequency engineering, and VLSI design systems.
1. Integrated Circuits (ICs):
Integrated circuits, or ICs, have revolutionized the electronics industry. These tiny chips can embed thousands or even millions of transistors, diodes, amplifiers, and capacitors on a single semiconductor wafer, forming complete circuits. The invention of transistors in 1947 paved the way for modern computers. Later, methods to create thin metal paths, solving wiring problems, marked the beginning of modern integrated circuits.
ICs are vital in modern technology due to their ability to handle thousands of electronic components efficiently. They are found in computers, logic devices, memory devices, audio amplifiers, and microcontrollers. Microcontrollers, equipped with memory, processors, and input/output peripherals on a single chip, form the backbone of automation and control industries.
2. Discrete Semiconductors:
The history of discrete semiconductors began with the invention of vacuum tubes in the early 20th century. Consumer electronics like radios, amplifiers, and early computers initially relied on vacuum tubes. Advancements in solid-state technology in the mid-20th century led to the invention of transistors and diodes, fostering the development of discrete semiconductors. Nowadays, discrete semiconductors offer enhanced reliability, higher power densities, and improved performance.
Discrete semiconductors perform individual functions, unlike integrated circuits that handle multiple tasks in one package. Diodes, transistors, thyristors, and optoelectronic devices are examples. Diodes allow current flow in one direction and block the opposite, while transistors amplify and switch electronic signals. Thyristors maintain conduction once triggered until the current falls below a threshold. Optoelectronic devices emit, detect, or control light.
Applications include rectification, signal demodulation, voltage regulation, switching, amplification, and digital logic circuits. They are also used in sensors, remote controls, and lighting displays.
3. Resistors:
Resistors were discovered in 1827 by Georg Simon Ohm. Understanding resistance involves recognizing it as a property of conductive materials where current flow depends on material type and external factors like temperature. Ohm's Law explains this relationship.
Resistors are passive components requiring an external voltage source to resist current flow. They enable precise control of current and voltage in circuits. Applications include protecting LEDs from current surges, generating heat in devices like microwaves, and acting as voltage dividers.
4. IF/RF and RFID:
IF stands for intermediate frequency, RF for radio frequency, and RFID for radio frequency identification. IF shifts carrier signals to a lower frequency for easier amplification and filtering. Applications include signal processing and tuning stations.
RF refers to electromagnetic radiation frequencies ranging from kHz to GHz, used in wireless communication and broadcasting. Devices like TVs, mobile phones, and satellites operate under the RF spectrum.
RFID systems consist of tags and readers. Passive tags lack batteries and store data. Readers are mobile or fixed. Applications include inventory control, patient data tracking, and counterfeit device prevention in healthcare.
5. Relays:
Relays are electro-mechanical devices that connect or disconnect circuits based on electrical signals. Electromagnetic induction powers them. Types include solid-state and electromechanical, with electromechanical relays being most common. Components include an electromagnet, switching points, and contacts. Applications include AC and DC circuits, securing electrical systems, and controlling voltage in modems and amplifiers.
6. Sensors:
Sensors detect and respond to physical inputs like heat, light, or pressure. Outputs are often human-readable displays or electronic transmissions. Sensors play a key role in IoT by collecting and initiating data about environments. Types include active and passive, analog and digital, and those detecting motion, temperature, pressure, and more.
Applications span home automation, intrusion prevention, fire safety, industrial automation, and medical diagnostics. Sensors contribute to safer and smarter modern lifestyles.
7. Optoelectronics:
Optoelectronics emerged from the photoelectric effect in 1947. Optoelectronic devices like solar cells and LEDs convert energy between light and electricity. Applications include fiber optic networks, medical imaging, renewable energy, and biometric security.
8. Capacitors:
Capacitors store charge and vary in size according to application. They are vital in energy storage, power conditioning, and RF devices. Proper design ensures optimal performance.
9. Board-Mounted Power Supplies:
These power supplies provide regulated DC power to electronic devices. They minimize voltage variations and filter power. Applications include industrial automation, telecommunications, medical equipment, and consumer electronics.
10. Off-Board Power Supplies:
Off-board power supplies provide external power. Examples include AC adapters, power banks, and battery packs. Applications include AC-DC conversion, DC-DC conversion, and powering battery packs in vehicles and industrial equipment.